Endemics in Family Order

Acanthaceae
Acanthus carduaceus
Strobilanthes lachenensis
Strobilanthes laevigatus
Strobilanthes thomsonii

Actinidiaceae
Actinidia strigosa
Saurauia fasciculata

Amaryllidaceae
Allium phariense
Allium rhabdotum

Anacardiaceae
Cotinus kanaka

Apiaceae
Angelica cyclocarpa
Cortia staintoniana
Cortiella hookeri
Haplosphaera
Haplosphaera himalayensis
Heracleum wallichii

Apocynaceae
Ceropegia bhutanica
Homalium napaulense
Hoya bhutanica
Hoya polyneura
Hoya serpens
Ichnocarpus polyanthus

Araceae
Arisaema costatum
Arisaema erubescens
Arisaema griffithii
Lagenandra undulata
Rhaphidophora glauca

Araliaceae
Brassaiopsis aculeata
Brassaiopsis magnifica
Brassaiopsis mitis
Merrilliopanax alpinus

Aristolochiaceae
Aristolochia griffithii
Aristolochia nakaoi
Asarum himalaicum

Asparagaceae
Chlorophytum nepalense
Polygonatum brevistylum

Asteraceae
Chaetoseris macrantha
Cirsium eriophoroides
Cremanthodium nepalense
Lessingianthus robustus
Ligularia pachycarpa
Lindera venosa
Mahonia hichsii
Pluchea foetida
Saussurea conica
Senecio mortonii
Soroseris pumila
Synotis tetrantha
Tanacetum atkinsonii
Tanacetum gossypinum

Balsaminaceae
Impatiens falcifer
Impatiens stenantha

Begoniaceae
Begonia griffithii
Begonia josephii
Begonia rubella
Putzeysia gemmipara

Berberidaceae
Berberis angulosa
Berberis erythroclada
Mahonia monyulensis
Mahonia napaulensis

Boraginaceae
Ehretia wallichiana
Microula bhutanica
Onosma bhutanica

Brassicaceae
Crucihimalaya axillaris
Draba bhutanica
Eutrema himalaicum
Pycnoplinthopsis bhutanica

Campanulaceae
Codonopsis affinis
Codonopsis dicentrifolia
Codonopsis subsimplex
Codonopsis thalictrifolia
Cyananthus pedunculatus
Lobelia nubigena

Caprifoliaceae
Dipsacus atratus
Lonicera cyanocarpa
Lonicera myrtilloides

Caryophyllaceae
Arenaria edgeworthiana

Celastraceae
Euonymus macrocarpus
Euonymus tibeticus

Convolvulaceae
Argyreia hookeri
Dinetus grandiflorus

Cucurbitaceae
Biswarea
Biswarea tonglensis
Edgaria
Edgaria darjeelingensis

Cupressaceae
Cupressus corneyana

Elaeagnaceae
Elaeagnus caudata

Ericaceae
Agapetes bhutanica
Agapetes incurvata
Agapetes serpens
Pyrola sikkimensis
Rhododendron camelliiflorum
Rhododendron ciliatum
Rhododendron cinnabarinum
Rhododendron cowanianum
Rhododendron dalhousieae
Rhododendron falconeri
Rhododendron fulgens
Rhododendron glaucophyllum
Rhododendron grande
Rhododendron griffithianum
Rhododendron hodgsonii
Rhododendron nivale
Rhododendron pendulum
Rhododendron setosum
Rhododendron thomsonii
Rhododendron triflorum
Rhododendron virgatum
Rhododendron wightii

Euphorbiaceae
Baliospermum calycinum var. nepalense
Euphorbia sikkimensis
Euphorbia stracheyi

Fabaceae
Astragalus floridus
Astragalus stipulatus
Colutea multiflora
Entada phaseoloides
Hedychium aurantiacum
Hedysarum campylocarpon
Hedysarum sikkimense

Gentianaceae
Gentiana depressa
Gentiana prolata
Gentiana ornata
Swertia hookeri
Swertia multicaulis

Geraniaceae
Geranium nakaoanum
Geranium refractum

Gesneriaceae
Aeschynanthus sikkimensis
Chirita primulacea
Corallodiscus bhutanicus

Hamamelidaceae
Corylopsis himalayana

Hydrangeaceae
Deutzia bhutanensis

Hypericaceae
Hypericum tenuicaule

Iridaceae
Iris clarkei

Lamiaceae
Lamium tuberosum
Orthosiphon incurvus
Pogostemon tuberculosus
Salvia sikkimensis

Lauraceae
Lindera obtusiloba var. heterophylla
Machilus edulis
Machilus gammieana

Liliaceae
Asphodeliris himalaica
Lilium sherriffiae
Lloydia flavonutans
Notholirion macrophyllum

Melastomataceae
Platycentrum cathcartii

Nartheciaceae
Aletris gracilis

Orchidaceae
Bulbophyllum affine
Calanthe brevicornu
Chiloschista usneoides
Coelogyne flaccida
Coelogyne longipes
Coelogyne occultata
Cryptochilus luteus
Cymbidium hookerianum
Cymbidium longifolium
Cypripedium elegans
Diplomeris hirsuta
Gastrochilus affinis
Gastrochilus dasypogon
Gastrochilus distichus
Goodyera hemsleyana
Goodyera vittata
Herminium macrophyllum
Liparis perpusilla
Liparis pygmaea
Nervilia macroglossa
Nervilia scottii
Pholidota recurva
Platanthera exelliana
Platanthera juncea
Platanthera leptocaulon
Platanthera sikkimensis
Pleione hookeriana
Spathoglottis ixioides
Sunipia paleacea
Tipularia josephi
Vandopsis undulata

Orobanchaceae
Euphrasia bhutanica
Euphrasia simplex
Lindenbergia bhutanica

Papaveraceae
Corydalis juncea
Meconopsis bella
Meconopsis simplicifolia
Meconopsis sinuata
Meconopsis villosa

Pinaceae
Abies densa
Larix griffithii
Larix himalaica
Pinus bhutanica

Plantaginaceae
Lagotis clarkei
Veronica deltigera
Veronica lanuginosa

Plumbaginaceae
Ceratostigma griffithii

Poaceae
Anthoxanthum hookeri
Anthoxanthum sikkimense
Bromus himalaicus
Dendrocalamus sikkimensis
Sinarundinaria maling

Polygonaceae
Pyrrosia boothii
Rheum acuminatum
Rheum nobile

Primulaceae
Bryocarpum
Bryocarpum himalaicum
Omphalogramma elwessiana
Primula aureata
Primula caveana
Primula deuteronana
Primula gambeliana
Primula gracilipes
Primula obliqua
Primula reticulata
Primula sikkimensis
Primula wigramiana
Primula wollastonii

Ranunculaceae
Aconitum ferox
Aconitum gammiei
Aconitum spicatum
Anemone demissa var. demissa
Chrysocyathus nepalensis
Clematis phlebantha
Delphinium umbrosum var. drepanocentrum
Delphinium viscosum
Dichocarpum adiantifolium
Paroxygraphis
Paroxygraphis sikkimensis
Ranunculus adoxifolius
Thalictrum reniforme

Rhamnaceae
Berchemia flavescens

Rosaceae
Aria griffithii
Cotoneaster taylorii
Eriobotrya hookeriana
Geum sikkimense
Maddenia himalaica
Potentilla bhutanica
Potentilla bryoides
Sorbus hedlundii
Sorbus kurzii

Rubiaceae
Chassalia staintonii
Luculia grandifolia
Ophiorrhiza rugosa

Rutaceae
Zanthoxylum nepalense

Salicaceae
Populus jacquemontiana
Salix bhutanensis
Salix daltoniana
Salix plectilis

Santalaceae
Thesium emodi

Sapindaceae
Acer sikkimense
Acer stachyophyllum

Saxifragaceae
Rodgersia nepalensis
Saxifraga engleriana
Saxifraga roylei

Scrophulariaceae
Buddleja bhutanica
Buddleja colvilei
Buddleja crispa
Scrophularia sikkimensis

Symplocaceae
Symplocos pyrifolia

Violaceae
Viola wallichiana

Vitaceae
Ampelocissus nervosa

Zingiberaceae
Roscoea capitata


Endemics in Alphabetical Order

Abies densa
Acanthus carduaceus
Acer sikkimense
Acer stachyophyllum
Aconitum ferox
Aconitum gammiei
Aconitum spicatum
Actinidia strigosa
Aeschynanthus sikkimensis
Agapetes bhutanica
Agapetes incurvata
Agapetes serpens
Aletris gracilis
Allium phariense
Allium rhabdotum
Ampelocissus nervosa
Anemone demissa var. demissa
Angelica cyclocarpa
Anthoxanthum hookeri
Anthoxanthum sikkimense
Arenaria edgeworthiana
Argyreia hookeri
Aria griffithii
Arisaema costatum
Arisaema erubescens
Arisaema griffithii
Aristolochia griffithii
Aristolochia nakaoi
Asarum himalaicum
Asphodeliris himalaica
Astragalus floridus
Astragalus stipulatus
Baliospermum calycinum var. nepalense
Begonia griffithii
Begonia josephii
Begonia rubella
Berberis angulosa
Berberis erythroclada
Berchemia flavescens
Biswarea
Biswarea tonglensis
Brassaiopsis aculeata
Brassaiopsis magnifica
Brassaiopsis mitis
Bromus himalaicus
Bryocarpum
Bryocarpum himalaicum
Buddleja bhutanica
Buddleja colvilei
Buddleja crispa
Bulbophyllum affine
Calanthe brevicornu
Ceratostigma griffithii
Ceropegia bhutanica
Chaetoseris macrantha
Chassalia staintonii
Chiloschista usneoides
Chirita primulacea
Chlorophytum nepalense
Chrysocyathus nepalensis
Cirsium eriophoroides
Clematis phlebantha
Codonopsis affinis
Codonopsis dicentrifolia
Codonopsis subsimplex
Codonopsis thalictrifolia
Coelogyne flaccida
Coelogyne longipes
Coelogyne occultata
Colutea multiflora
Corallodiscus bhutanicus
Cortia staintoniana
Cortiella hookeri
Corydalis juncea
Corylopsis himalayana
Cotinus kanaka
Cotoneaster taylorii
Cremanthodium nepalense
Crucihimalaya axillaris
Cryptochilus luteus
Cupressus corneyana
Cyananthus pedunculatus
Cymbidium hookerianum
Cymbidium longifolium
Cypripedium elegans
Delphinium umbrosum var. drepanocentrum
Delphinium viscosum
Dendrocalamus sikkimensis
Deutzia bhutanensis
Dichocarpum adiantifolium
Dinetus grandiflorus
Diplomeris hirsuta
Dipsacus atratus
Draba bhutanica
Edgaria
Edgaria darjeelingensis
Ehretia wallichiana
Elaeagnus caudata
Entada phaseoloides
Eriobotrya hookeriana
Euonymus macrocarpus
Euonymus tibeticus
Euphorbia sikkimensis
Euphorbia stracheyi
Euphrasia bhutanica
Euphrasia simplex
Eutrema himalaicum
Gastrochilus affinis
Gastrochilus dasypogon
Gastrochilus distichus
Gentiana depressa
Gentiana ornata
Gentiana prolata
Geranium nakaoanum
Geranium refractum
Geum sikkimense
Goodyera hemsleyana
Goodyera vittata
Haplosphaera
Haplosphaera himalayensis
Hedychium aurantiacum
Hedysarum campylocarpon
Hedysarum sikkimense
Heracleum wallichii
Herminium macrophyllum
Homalium napaulense
Hoya bhutanica
Hoya polyneura
Hoya serpens
Hypericum tenuicaule
Ichnocarpus polyanthus
Impatiens falcifer
Impatiens stenantha
Iris clarkei
Lagenandra undulata
Lagotis clarkei
Lamium tuberosum
Larix griffithii
Larix himalaica
Lessingianthus robustus
Ligularia pachycarpa
Lilium sherriffiae
Lindenbergia bhutanica
Lindera obtusiloba var. heterophylla
Lindera venosa
Liparis perpusilla
Liparis pygmaea
Lloydia flavonutans
Lobelia nubigena
Lonicera cyanocarpa
Lonicera myrtilloides
Luculia grandifolia
Machilus edulis
Machilus gammieana
Maddenia himalaica
Mahonia hichsii
Mahonia monyulensis
Mahonia napaulensis
Meconopsis bella
Meconopsis simplicifolia
Meconopsis sinuata
Meconopsis villosa
Merrilliopanax alpinus
Microula bhutanica
Nervilia macroglossa
Nervilia scottii
Notholirion macrophyllum
Omphalogramma elwessiana
Onosma bhutanica
Ophiorrhiza rugosa
Orthosiphon incurvus
Paroxygraphis
Paroxygraphis sikkimensis
Pholidota recurva
Pinus bhutanica
Platanthera exelliana
Platanthera juncea
Platanthera leptocaulon
Platanthera sikkimensis
Platycentrum cathcartii
Pleione hookeriana
Pluchea foetida
Pogostemon tuberculosus
Polygonatum brevistylum
Populus jacquemontiana
Potentilla bhutanica
Potentilla bryoides
Primula aureata
Primula caveana
Primula deuteronana
Primula gambeliana
Primula gracilipes
Primula obliqua
Primula reticulata
Primula sikkimensis
Primula wigramiana
Primula wollastonii
Putzeysia gemmipara
Pycnoplinthopsis bhutanica
Pyrola sikkimensis
Pyrrosia boothii
Ranunculus adoxifolius
Rhaphidophora glauca
Rheum acuminatum
Rheum nobile
Rhododendron camelliiflorum
Rhododendron ciliatum
Rhododendron cinnabarinum
Rhododendron cowanianum
Rhododendron dalhousieae
Rhododendron falconeri
Rhododendron fulgens
Rhododendron glaucophyllum
Rhododendron grande
Rhododendron griffithianum
Rhododendron hodgsonii
Rhododendron nivale
Rhododendron pendulum
Rhododendron setosum
Rhododendron thomsonii
Rhododendron triflorum
Rhododendron virgatum
Rhododendron wightii
Rodgersia nepalensis
Roscoea capitata
Salix bhutanensis
Salix daltoniana
Salix plectilis
Salvia sikkimensis
Saurauia fasciculata
Saussurea conica
Saxifraga engleriana
Saxifraga roylei
Scrophularia sikkimensis
Senecio mortonii
Sinarundinaria maling
Sorbus hedlundii
Sorbus kurzii
Soroseris pumila
Spathoglottis ixioides
Strobilanthes lachenensis
Strobilanthes laevigatus
Strobilanthes thomsonii
Sunipia paleacea
Swertia hookeri
Swertia multicaulis
Symplocos pyrifolia
Synotis tetrantha
Tanacetum atkinsonii
Tanacetum gossypinum
Thalictrum reniforme
Thesium emodi
Tipularia josephi
Vandopsis undulata
Veronica deltigera
Veronica lanuginosa
Viola wallichiana
Zanthoxylum nepalense


Summary

Included here are the eastern Himalayas above about 1000 m and comprising eastern Nepal, Darjeeling, Sikkim, Bhutan, a large part of the Assam Himalayas and the extreme southeastern part of Tibet.

Of the endemic and near endemic vascular plants so far recorded there are about 252 species in 162 genera and 62 families. There are 5 endemic genera (marked red) but no endemic families.

References

Behera, M. D., Kushwaha, S. P. S. & Roy, P. S. 2002. High plant endemism in an Indian hotspot - eastern Himalaya. Biodiversity and Conservation, 11: 669-682.

Grierson, A. J. C. & Long, D. G. 1983. Flora of Bhutan. Volume 1. Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh.

Hara, H. 1972. Corresponding taxa in North America, Japan, and the Himalayas. In: Taxonomy, Phytogeography and Evolution. Ed. D. H. Valentine. Academic Press.

Kanai, H. 1963  Phytogeographical observations on the Japano-Himalayan Elements. J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo Sect 3. Bot. 8: 305-339.

Nayar, M. P. 1996. “Hot Spots” of endemic plants of India, Nepal and Bhutan. Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute. Palode, Thiruvananthapuram.

Polunin, O. & Stainton, A. 1984. Flowers of the Himalaya. Oxford University Press.

Rau, M. A. 1974  Vegetation and Phytogeography of Himalaya. In: Ecology and Biogeography in India. Ed. M. S. Mani. Dr W. Junk Publishers. The Hague.