Namaland Aloe dichotoma Shrubby Woodland
Aloe dichotoma is an unusual and conspicuous feature of Namaland. It is extremely tough tree with a densely rounded crown as a result of the repeatedly forked branches and is, in fact, one of the biggest members of the genus Aloe reaching heights of 9 m, and can live for over 80 years. One of its adaptations to the arid environment is that its trunk is covered in a layer of whitish powder that helps reflect away the sun’s heat. The trunk tapers from a thick base towards the top and begins to branch and re-branch dichotomously and hence the specific name “dichotoma”. Small trees of Aloe dichotoma together with shrubs of the endemic or near endemic Euphorbia gregaria (Euphorbiaceae) are dominant over large areas of Bushmanland south of the Orange River. Close to the Augrabies Falls Aloe dichotoma forms sparse woodlands on rolling, black hills mainly composed of ultrametamorphic rocks with some surface limestone. The open canopy can reach a height of 5 m and usually includes the endemic or near endemic tree Adenolobus garioensis (Fabaceae). A shrub layer is a common feature and can reach heights of 1.6 m. The typical species include Boscia foetida subsp. foetida, Commiphora gracilifrondosa and Rhus populifolia. Field layer species are also fairly common. Conspicuous forbs include Sutera ramosissima and the endemic or near endemic Abutilon pycnodon (Malvaceae), Barleria rigida (Acanthaceae), Berkheya spinosissima subsp. spinosa (Asteraceae), Cleome angustifolia subsp. diandra (Cleomaceae) and Rhigozum trichotomum (Bignoniaceae), while the main grasses are Anthephora pubescens, Triraphis ramosissima and the endemic or near endemic Enneapogon scaber and Stipagrostis uniplumis (Poaceae).
Namaland Schotia afra Open Woodland
Woodland dominated by the endemic or near endemic tree Schotia afra var. angustifolia (Fabaceae)occur in exposed rocky areas, and can be seen, for example, in the northwestern part of the Augrabies Falls National Park. In the hilly, rocky areas the shrub Rhus populifolia also become conspicuous. In these areas the canopy can reach heights of about 3.8 m while the shrub layer reaches about 1.5 m. Other shrubs include Boscia albitrunca, Cadaba aphylla, Commiphora gracilifrondosa and the endemic or near endemic Adenolobus garipensis (Fabaceae). The herbaceous layer is also fairy constant and typically includes forbs such as Cleome foliosa var. lutea, Codon schenckii, Hibiscus engleri, Indigofera pechuelii, I. pungens and the endemic or near endemic Forsskaolea candida (Urticaceae) and Trichodesma africana (Boraginaceae). Typical grasses are Panicum coloratum, Triraphis ramosissima and the endemic or near endemic Enneapogon scaber and Stipagrostis uniplumis (Poaceae). In drainage areas such as valley bottoms the shrub Sisyndite spartea becomes an important feature together with the small tree Ficus cordata subsp. cordata.
Namaland Ficus cordata Open Woodland
Alongside the Orange River below Augrabies Falls there are large gneiss boulder fields with very little soil between the boulders. Nevertheless, spare vegetation characterized by the small tree Ficus cordata has developed. These very open stands can reach heights of up to 5 m. The few understory species include Aristida curvata, Solanum coccineum and various endemic or near endemic species such as Trichodesma africana (Boraginaceae) and the grasses Enneapogon scaber, Schmidtia kalahariensis and Stipagrostis uniplumis (Poaceae).
Namaland Ziziphus-Euclea Riverine Woodland
On the main tributaries of the Orange River where flooding and deposition of alluvial sediment is fairly frequent rich riverine forests have developed dominated by Ziziphus mucronata and endemic or near endemic Euclea pseudebenus (Ebenaceae) although much has now been cleared. Three forest layers can be distinguished. The tree layer reaches about 9 m in height and in addition to the Euclea pseudebenus and Ziziphus mucronata includes Acacia karroo, Maytenus linearis, Rhus viminalis and the endemic or near endemic Tamarix usneoides (Tamaricaceae). However, the canopy can be very open and rarely provides more than about 70% cover. Common shrub layer species, which range in height from 1-3 m, include Diospyros lycioides, Ehretia rigida, Lycium austrinum and Maerua gilgii. In the undergrowth Asparagus laricinus, Setaria verticillata and the endemic or near endemic Zygophyllum microcarpum (Zygophyllaceae) often occur. Other species found in these relatively species-rich woodlands include Atriplex semibaccata, Chenopodium olukondae, C. schraderanum, Loranthus olaeoides, Mesembryanthemum magniflorus, Pollichia campestris and the endemic or near endemic Euclea undulata var. myrtina (Ebenaceae).
Namaland Ceraria longipedunculata Formations
This community is typical of the mountainous areas to the west of the mopane savanna. (Further information required)
Namaland Commiphora gracilifrondosa Shrubland
In the Augrabies Falls National Park in southern Namaland Commiphora gracilifrondosa shrublands occur on the outcrops of quartz-rich granulites. These black granulite outcrops or hills are usually steep and strewn with large boulders and the black surfaces can get very hot in the sunshine. Soil is largely restricted to cracks and crevices and usually comprises much sand and gravel. The shrubs range in size from 1-3 m and have a very open appearance rarely exceed land cover values of 5%. Characteristic field layer forbs include Sutera ramossissima and the endemic or near endemic Abutilon pycnodon (Malvaceae). Other important components depending the degree of slope may include Rhuz populifolia and the endemic or near endemic Abutilon pycnodon (Malvaceae), Adenolobus gariepina (Fabaceae), Cleome angustifolia subsp. diandra (Cleomaceae), Euphorbia glanduligera (Euphorbiaceae) and Trichodesma africana (Boraginaceae). Additional speciesthat may be encountered are Sisyndite sparteaand the endemic or near endemic Berkheya chamaepeuce (Asteraceae), Boerhavia repens (Nyctaginaceae), Cleome oxyphylla (Cleomaceae), Cucumis dinteri (Cucurbitaceae)and Curroria decidua (Apocynaceae).
Namaland Ceraria namaquensis Shrubland
This is an open, succulent shrub formation characteristic of the smooth; almost dome shaped outcrops of pink gneiss virtually devoid of soil in the south of the BioProvince. The largest of these domes in the Augrabies Falls National Park is locally known as Moon Rock. Most of the vegetation is rooted in narrow cracks or in shallow soil, and because of poor water retention the plants are exposed to long periods of extreme draught. The dominant species, Ceraria namaquensis (Portulacaceae), is an odd-looking, succulent shrub that can grow to heights of up to 2 m. It also occurs in Richtersveld with other succulents. Another conspicuous feature is open tufts of the endemic or near endemic grass Panicum arbusculum (Poaceae). Other typical species include Indigofera pungens, Monechma spartioides, and the endemic or near endemic Codon royeni (family?), Hermannia spinosa (Sterculiaceae), Indigofera heterotricha (Fabaceae), Enneapogon scaber, Schmidtia kalihariensis and Stipagrostis uniplumis (Poaceae).
Namaland Indigofera-Zygophyllum Shrubland
Largely confined to the pink gneiss zone in the south of Namaland this shrub community dominated by Zygophyllum suffruticosum and the endemic or near endemic Indigofera heterotricha (Fabaceae) occurs on rocky outcrops, rocky plains and sandy drainage lines (washes). It is very open with no more than about 15% land cover. Small trees such as Aloe dichotoma, Boscia albitrunca and Pappea capensis may also be present, but the community is mainly characterised by xeromorphic shrubs and dwarf shrubs such as Acacia mellifera, Boscia foetida, Polygala leptopylla, Rhychosia tottia and the endemic or near endemic Hermannia stricta (Sterculiaceae), Limeum dinteri (Aizoaceae) and Sericocoma avolans (Amaranthaceae) many of which are spiny. Succulents, like Euphorbia rhombifolia, Sacocaulon pattersonii and Sarcostemma viminalis are also common together with grasses such as Aristida congesta subsp. barbicallis and Stipagrostis anomala. A large number of other species may be encountered depending on habitat such as Aptosimum spinescens, Aristida congesta, Boscia albitrunca Enneapogon desvauxii, Hibiscus elliotiae Monechma spartioides, Triraphis ramosissima and the endemic or near endemic Barleria rigida, Blepharis mitrata, (Acanthaceae), Euphorbia gregaria (Euphorbiaceae) and Zygophyllum dregeanum (Zygophyllaceae).
Namaland Antherothamnus pearsonii Shrubland
This community, dominated by the shrub Antherothamnus pearsonii, is typically found in protected ravines and gorges in the pink gneiss zone of southern Namaland. These contain well-drained, loamy sand with varying amounts of gravel. Shrubs range in height from 1-4 m and have a land cover value of up to 15%. The undergrowth is largely composed of dwarf shrubs. Shrubs and dwarf shrubs characteristically include Barleria lancifolia and the endemic or near endemic Ozorea namaensis (family?) and Stachys burchelliana (Lamiaceae). Other associated species include Monechma spartioides, Peliostomum leucorrhizum, Rhus populifolia, Triraphis ramosissima and the endemic or near endemic Aptosimum leucorrhizum subsp. junceum (Scrophulariaceae), Berkheya spinosissima var. namaensis (Asteraceae), Enneapogon scaber (Poaceae), Forsskohlea candida (Urticaceae), Hermannia minutiflora (Sterculiaceae) and Indigofera heterotricha (Fabaceae).
Namaland Acacia mellifera Open Shrubland
These shrublands are associated with the freely draining usually base-rich soils found, for example, on the undulating, rocky plains in the southern part of the Augrabies Falls National Park. Other characteristic species include the succulent Zygophyllum suffruticosum and the endemic or near endemic shrubs Hermannia stricta (Sterculiaceae) and Phaeoptilum spinosum (Nyctaginaceae). Much of the vegetation on the rocky plain is also typified by Euphorbia rectirama. The most important tree is Pappea capensis, which together with several other species can form a tree stratum up to about 3.9 m high. The shrub layer is about 2.4 m high and largely dominated by Acacia mellifera subsp. detinens. Typical herbaceous species include the forbs Monechma spartioides and Zygophyllum microphyllum, and the grasses Enneapogon scaber and Stipagrostis uniplumis. On Klass Island, which is associated with the undulating rocky plain, the succulent creeper Sarcostemma viminale becomes an important component of the formation.
Namaland Lycium prunus-spinosa-Lycium austrinum Riverine Shrubland
Fine sand and silt deposits cover large riverside areas of the Orange River but the moisture levels away from the river are insufficient for tree development. Instead riverine shrublands have developed dominated by Lycium austrinum and the endemic or near endemic Lycium prunus-spinosa (Solanaceae). Most of the shrubs range in size from 1-1.5 m but emergents of Lycium austrinum can reach 3 m. The undergrowth is very sparse rarely exceeding more than about 10% land cover. Characteristic species include Tribulus terrestris and the endemic or near endemic Trianthema triquetra subsp. parviflora (Aizoaceae) and various endemic or near endemic grasses such as Eragrostis annulata, E. echinochloidea, E. porosa and Schmidtia kalahariensis (Poaceae).
Namaland Schotia afra var. angustifolia Scrub
This vegetation is typical of the dry, rocky river margins in the Augrabies Falls area including the Orange River Gorge where it often forms a dense scrub. The rocks, which usually include huge boulders, are mainly pink gneiss but also include granulite. Schotia afra can grow to heights of up to 6 m to form small trees. Few other species are abundant but grasses such as Triraphis ramossissima and the endemic Enneopogon scaber and Stipagrostis uniplumis (Poaceae) are fairly frequent. Other species may include Aptosimum spinescens, Cenchrus cilaris, Microloma incanum and the endemic or near endemic Phaeoptilum spinosum (Nyctaginaceae)and Thesium lacinulatum (Santalaceae).
Namaland Enneapogon-Euphorbia Succulent Shrub Savanna
This vegetation characterized by the endemic or near endemic succulent shrub Euphorbia gregeria and the endemic or near endemic grass Enneapogon scaber, appears to be mostly confined to deeper soils on the gentle slopes between the quartz-rich granulite and the pink gneiss in southern Namaland. The vegetation cover is relatively high (about 40%) with the round succulent shrubs of Euphorbia gregaria being particularly conspicuous. Between the shrubs white tufts of Enneapogon scaber is the dominant feature. The grass Eragrostis nindensis, with its dessication-tolerant leaves, is also common. Other characteristic species include annuals such as Osteospermum amplectans and the endemic or near endemic Chascanum gariepina (Verbenaceae), Cleome angustifolia subsp. diandra (Cleomaceae) and the endemic or near endemic perennial forbs Phyllanthus maderaspatentis (Phyllanthaceae) and Tephrosia dregeana (Fabaceae). Like Enneapogon scaber all the grasses have short periods of physiological activity after the rains but then survive as bleached tufts during the dry season. Other species that may be encountered include Aristida curvata, Limeum aethiopicum, Lotononis platycarpa, Oropetium capensis, Salsola tuberculata and the endemic or near endemic Rhigozum trichotomum (Bignoniaceae) and Tetragonia arbusculoides (Aizoaceae).
Namaland Colophospermum mopane (mopane) Savanna
Lying to the north of the BioProvince this vegetation is characterized by Colophospermum mopane (mopane). It can be a tree or shrub, depending on local conditions, and in some areas forms dense woodland, while in others it grows as a short-stemmed shrub intermingled with scattered trees. In the western part, towards the Kaokoveld Desert, mopane is confined to depressions and riverbeds where it often grows with Balanites welwitschii. Other important components of these savannas are Sosamothamnus guerichii, a species common throughout and S. benguellensis, which mainly occur along the Kunene River. Mopane savanna extends as far south as the Brandberg area; it then grades into the semi-desert and savanna transition zone, which is characterized by a great variety of species, many of which are endemic. Typical is Euphorbia guerichiana (Euphorbiaceae), a shrub or small tree with conspicuous, shiny, brownish-yellow, papery bark growing to a height of up to 5 m. Also common are the quiver tree (Aloe dichotoma), and Moringa ovalifolia. Two species of Acacia largely confined to this area are the Brandberg acacia (Acacia montis-ustii) and A. robynsiana. Other acacias such as Acacia senegal and A. tortilis are mainly found in the alluvial sands and silts along ephemeral rivers. Large numbers of Commiphora species is also characteristic of both the mopane savanna to the north and the semi-desert and savanna transition zone.
Namaland Dwarf Shrub Savanna
To the south, the vegetation becomes more open, and dominated by karoo shrubs and grasses. This vegetation type extends eastwards into the Kalahari xeric savanna. Rhigozum trichotomum is a characteristic shrub, while Acacia nebrownii, Boscia albitrunca, Boscia foetida, Catophractes alexandri, Parkinsonia africanaas well as smaller karoo bushes such as species of Pentzia and Eriocephalus are also typical. Tufted, grasses, mainly species Stipagrostis are scattered between the woody elements. On rocky ridges, the conspicuous quiver tree (Aloe dichotoma)becomes very abundant. In fact, near Keetmanshoop there is a small quiver tree forest now designated as a National Monument. Trees such as Acacia giraffe, A. karroo, Tamarix usneoides, Euclea pseudebenus and Rhus lancea are typical of riverbeds throughout the area.
Namaland Monechma australe-Acacia erioloba Savanna
On compact yellow sand in the Melkbosrand area north of the Orange River, savanna dominated by trees of Acacia erioloba, which can grow to heights of 7 m, and the dwarf shrub Monechma australe occur. Other dwarf shrubs include the endemic or near endemic Zygophyllum microcarpum and Z. simplex (Zygophyllaceae) but none of these shrubs grow much higher than the surrounding field layer that can reach about 0.6 m in height. Other field layer species mainly consist of annual pioneers such as the endemic or near endemic grasses Eragrostis annulata and Schmidtia kalahariensis (Poaceae).
Namaland Sisyndite spartea Shrubland
In a few places, close for example to the Augrabies Falls, weathered gneiss rock in drainage zones support open shrublands dominated by Sisyndite spartea. These areas tend to be flooded briefly after every rainstorm and vegetation cover can be up to 60 % or more. Shrubs can reach heights of 2 m or so and there is usually a sparse under storey of species such as Enneapogon brachystachyus, Pappea capensis and various endemics or near endemics like Blepharis mitrata (Acanthaceae), Eragrostis porosa (Poaceae), Forsskaolea candida (Urticaceae) and Zygophyllum dregeanum (Zygophyllaceae).
Namaland Eragrostis trichophora-Acacia mellifera Savanna
This community characterized by the grass Eragrostis trichophora and the shrub or small tree Acacia mellifera subsp. detinens occurs innarrow, but deep sandy depressions in southern Namaland where erosion material from the gneiss domes have accumulated. This eroded material is mainly deposited by strong run-off events after rainfall and has good water retention. These savannas are therefore relatively luxuriant and have both upper and lower shrub layers. In addition to Acacia mellifera, the upper shrub layer also typically includes Pappea capensis.Both of these can reach heights of up to 4 m and have high cover abundances. The lower, dwarf shrub layer is usually intermingled with the field layer and grows to about 1.5 m. Overall land cover values can reach 80%. Species diversity is also relatively high and includes grasses such as Anthephora pubescens, Cenchrus ciliaris, Chloris virgata, Panicum maximum, Rhynchelytrum repens, Setaria verticillata and Tragus berteronianus together with Lycium austrinum, Ocymum canum, Oxalis obliquefolia and the endemic or near endemic Berkheya spinosissima var. namaensis (Asteraceae).
Namaland Stipagrostis huchstetterana Grassland
Grasslands dominated by the endemic or near endemic Stipagrostis huchstetterana var. secalina (Poaceae) often predominate in the less rocky areas where there are deeper soils and where the strange endemic or near endemic Welwitschia mirabilis (Welwitschiaceae) can also be found. For example, it occurs west of the black granulite hills near Augrabies Falls where there is a thick layer of coarse, white sand. Here the grass forms fairly luxurious stands reaching about 0.75 m high and has a land cover of about 30%. Emerging from the field layer are various shrubs ranging from 1-2.5 m tall the most frequent of which, include Acacia mellifera subsp. detinens, Boscia foetida, Cadaba aphylla, Motinia caryophyllacea, Sisyndite spartea and the endemic or near endemic Euphorbia gregaria (Euphorbiaceae), Nymania capensis (Phyllanthaceae), Parkinsonia africana (Fabaceae) and Phaeoptilum spinosum (Nyctaginaceae). In eastern locations these grasslands are often found closely adjacent to shrubby mapano communities. In general though they are relatively species-poor but may additionally include Gisekia africana, Kahautia cynanchica, Monechma spartinoides, Ptycholobium biflorum, Sarcostemma viminale and the endemic or near endemic Eragrostis porosa, Schmidtia kalihariensis, Stipagrostis uniplumis (Poaceae), Forsskohlea candida (Urticaceae), and Zygophyllum dregeanum (Zygophyllaceae).
Namaland Stipagrostis brevifolia Tussock Grass Formation
On deep sand both north and south of the Orange River, dense, spiny tussocks of the suffrutescent grass Stipagrostis brevifolia dominate large areas. In the dry season this is often the only plant species visible but following early rain many annuals and geophytes make their appearance. These include Arctotis leiocarpa, Felicia namaquana, Grielum obtusifolium, Hebenstreitia parviflora, Heliophila integrifolia, Lapeirousia caudata and Manulea schaeferi.
Namaland Stipagrostis-Leucophrys Grass Formation
Vegetation characterized by the shrubby, endemic grass Stipagrostis namaquensis (Poaceae) and Leucophrys mesocoma typically occur on coarse loose sandy ‘islands’ in dry streambeds throughout the lower Orange River area. The vegetation cover if often spare with no more than about 20% land cover, but the grasses can reach heights of up to 2 m. Associated species include Kohautia cynanchica and the endemic or near endemic Dicoma capensis (Asteraceae), Schmidtia kalahariensis and Stipagrostis uniplumis (Poaceae).
Namaland Cyperus-Cenchrus Semi-Wetland Formation
In large low-lying drainage area of the Orange River catchment where water remains for extended periods, robust tussocks of Cyperus marginatus and Cenchrus ciliaris can be found. The substrate consists of fine, loamy sand. Shrubs such as Lycium austrinum, Maytenus linearis, Rhus viminale and Ziziphus mucronata may also occur together with the small endemic or near endemic tree Euclea pseudebenus (Ebenaceae). Other species may include Diascia engleri, Dimorphotheca pluvialis, Geigeria ornativa, Giesekia africana, Hyperthelis salsoloides, Psilocaulon absimile, Vahlia capensis and the endemic or near endemic Aptosimum leucorrhizum (Scrophulariaceae), Berkheya spinossissima var. namaensis (Asteraceae), Blumea gariepina (Asteraceae), Galenia secunda (Aizoaceae), Sutera tomentosa (Scrophulariaceae) and Thesium laniculatum (Santalaceae).
Namaland Euphorbia-Stipagrostis Barab Mountain High Mesa
The vegetation found on mountain tops in the Barab Mountains in Damaraland is generally characterized by the tree Euphorbia guerichiana and the grass Stipagrostis uniplumis, but other trees and shrubs such as Acacia mellifera, Helichrysum tomentosulum, Helinus spartioides, Lycium oxycarpum, the Namibian endemic climber Dactyliandra welwitschii (Cucurbitaceae) and the grass Setaria appendiculata are also abundant. The average height of trees is about 2m, while shrubs grow to about 1 m and grasses to about 0.5 m. Other associated endemic species include Momordica humilis (Cucurbitaceae).
Namaland Sericorema-Tephrosia Etendeka Low Mesa Shrubland
On low mesas in the Etendeka Mountains of Damaraland the vegetation is characterised by dwarf shrubs Sericorema sericea and the Namibian endemic Tephrosia monophylla (Fabaceae). Other well-represented species include the short-lived, pioneer herbs Gisekia africana, Limeum argute-cerinatum and Tribulus terrestris. Additional shrubs are Amphiasma benguellense, Boscia foetida and the stem-succulent Euphorbia virosa, while the sparsely scattered trees include Acacia mellifera, Colophospermum mopana, Combretum apiculatum, Euphorbia guerichiana and Terminalia prunioides. Trees average 2.5 m, shrubs 0.5 m and herbs 0.3 m. Other Namibian endemics found here include Acacia robynsiana (Fabaceae), Barleria prionitoides (Acanthaceae), Pavonia rehmannii (Malvaceae) and Petalidium luteo-album (Acanthaceae).
Namaland Euphorbia-Hirpicium High Eastern Etendeka Shrubland
On the eastern mesas of Damaraland the vegetation is characterized by the small shrub Euphorbia mauritanica and the undergrowth herb Hirpicium gazanoides. The shrub Blepharis obmitrata is also common and there are a small number of trees such as Commiphora glandulosa and Cyphostemma currori, which are rare or absent on other mountaintops. These trees grow to an average height of about 3 m, while shrubs reach an average height of 1.5 m and herbs and grasses about 0.5 m. The main grass species are Anthephora schinzii, A. pubescens, Aristida adscensionis, Eragrostis nindensis and Setaria appendiculata. Species diversity is relatively high and there are a number of Namibian endemics such as Commiphora virgata (Burseraceae), Elephantorrhiza suffruticosa (Fabaceae), Lantana dinteri (Verbenaceae), Senecio alliariifolius (Asteraceae) and Tephrosia monophylla (Fabaceae).
Namaland Combretum-Hirpicium southern Grootberg Shrubland
In Damaraland’s southern Grootberg the shrublands are characterized by the small tree Combretum apiculatum and the undergrowth herb Hirpicium gazanoides. The grass Anthephora schinzii is also common. Average tree height is about 2 m while shrubs average about 1 m. Here the only Namibian endemic recorded is Lantana dinteri (Verbenaceae).
Namaland Petalidium-Eragrostis Barab Mountains Dwarf Shrubland
In Damaraland’s Barab Mountains the vegetation is characterised by the dwarf, Namibian endemic shrub Petalidium luteo-album (Acanthaceae) and the undergrowth grass Eragrostis nindensis. Other dwarf shrubs include Boscia foetida, Heliotropium hereroense and Leucosphaera bainesii, which can reach an average height of about 0.5 m, while the few small trees include Terminalia prunioides, which reaches about 2 m in height. Other common undergrowth species include the grasses Anthephora schinzii, Fingerhuthia africana and Setaria appendiculata with an average height of about 0.3 m. Additional Namibian endemic species found here include Cyanella amboensis (Tecophilaeaceae) and Tephrosia monophylla (Fabaceae).
Namaland Otoptera-Fingerhuthia Damaraland Upland Shrubland
These shrublands, characterized by the dwarf shrub Otoptera burchellii and the undergrowth grass Fingerhuthia africana, occur on a variety of Damaraland mountaintops including Etendeka and Grootberg mountains. Other important species include the shrubs Heliotropium hereroensis and Leucosphaera bainesii and the grasses Eragrostis nindensis and Setaria appendiculata. Mean tree height is about 2 m, while shrubs reach 0.5 m and herbs and grasses 0.3 m. Also present are a variety of Namibian endemic species including Acacia rohynsiana (Fabaceae), Barleria damarensis (Acanthaceae) and Elephantorrhiza suffruticosa (Fabaceae).
Namaland Indigofera-Fingerhuthia Grootberg Shrubland
Vegetation characterized by the shrub Indigofera schimperi and the undergrowth grass Fingerhuthia africana is the main community of the Grootberg Mountains. Small trees such as Acacia reficiens, Colophospermum mopane and Combretum apiculatum and the shrub Otoptera burchellii are also common, and the grass Aristida adscensionis is also found in most areas. Average tree height is about 2.5 m while shrubs reach an average height of 1 m and grasses and herbs 0.5 m. Among the Namibian endemics here are Barleria damarensis (Acanthaceae), Cucumella aspera (Cucurbitaceae), Elephantorrhiza suffruticosa (Fabaceae) and Lantana dinteri (Verbenaceae).
Further information required.
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